theses_2021sep.yaml

Apra: 
- "Ir\xE8ne"
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- Giorgio Agugiaro 
- "The thesis is written in cooperation\
    \ with the faculty of mechanical engineering of the Technical University of Munich\
    \ where a pipeline is being developed at the chair of automotive engineering to\
    \ assess the PV-potential of buildings in Bavaria. The current state includes\
    \ two Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) assessing the roof geometrical potential\
    \ for PV installation. The first network segments a roof into 16 azimuth classes;\
    \ the second detects installations on the roof, called \u201Csuperstructures\u201D\
    , as single- or multi-classes (ladder, chimney\u2026). The wider pipeline considers\
    \ the physical suitability of roofs, as well as the technical and economical potentials\
    \ for PV installation.\n \nThe motivation of the thesis is to improve the geometrical\
    \ potential assessment of roofs by extending the existing network(s) with 3D data.\
    \ Despite little research conducted on CNN for RGB-Height (Z) data, it has recently\
    \ been established that Z information added to a CNN can improve the accuracy\
    \ for classifying aerial imagery. \n\nBased on these results and the existing\
    \ work at the chair, we will explore the following question: \nHow can 3D data\
    \ be best integrated into a CNN for RGB aerial images to improve the semantic\
    \ segmentation of roof superstructures on buildings?\nVarious types of height\
    \ data and their combination with the segmentation results of the second network\
    \ will be explored, as well as their integration to the existing architecture\
    \ and the evolution of the results accuracy."
- 2d176f79dca6-Thesis_Concept___P1.jpg
"C\xE1ceres": 
- Camilo
- Shenglan Du
- Jantien Stoter
- "Automated semantic segmentation\
    \ of aerial imagery is a complex problem addressed over the past years with deep\
    \ learning techniques that account for satisfactory results. However, the cost\
    \ of labeling images for deep learning-based approaches is high, and acquisition\
    \ of the labeled data is manually expensive. \n\nCurrently, in computer vision,\
    \ most research works focus more on enhancing the training data than improving\
    \ the models. One of these enhancing methods is the use of synthetic training\
    \ images, which refer to simulated aerial imagery taken from a virtual world.\
    \ Compared to real imagery data, synthetic images have several significant advantages,\
    \ such as simulating different conditions (e.g., lighting, camera positions) and\
    \ lowering production costs.\n\nConsequently, this thesis aims to create a benchmark\
    \ to produce synthetic data for aerial image segmentation. We will develop artificial\
    \ cities with procedural architecture techniques to simulate real-world cities.\
    \ We will build a tool using existing computer vision techniques to produce training\
    \ images with pixel-wise semantic segmentation. With the produced synthetic images,\
    \ we will train a deep learning model to perform semantic segmentation over real-world\
    \ images (with techniques such as domain adaptation). We will also incorporate\
    \ features of 3D building to enhance the model further. In the end, the performance\
    \ of the model will be evaluated using metrics such as accuracy and mIoU (mean\
    \ Intersection over Union)."
- 2c6c663b83-CamiloCaceresImageThesis.jpg
Dardavesis:
- Ioannis
- Edward Verbree
- Azarakhsh Rafiee
- "Nowadays, the evolution of\
    \ localisation and navigation technologies is vast, aiding towards facilitating\
    \ users\u2019 guidance in various environments. Landmarks such as high-rise buildings,\
    \ are of high importance for the users\u2019 guidance in the outdoor environment.\
    \ Additionally, landmarks can also be used as an affirmation that the user is\
    \ on the correct route. Concerning indoor landmarks, their lower density and the\
    \ absence of outstanding elements, may result to easier loss of orientation compared\
    \ to outdoors. Localisation, combined with an indoor network, can provide information\
    \ on the current and previous locations of a user. Therefore, localisation may\
    \ be used in case of emergencies, such as fires, where a civilian has to describe\
    \ his location to the fire authorities. Consequently, indoor landmarks can be\
    \ used to transmit this information. \nThis thesis will investigate the reliability\
    \ of ceilings as indoor landmarks in terms of user guidance. Image matching techniques\
    \ will be used, based on captured images of the ceilings, which are distinguishable\
    \ in public buildings due to the existing installations. The users will be able\
    \ to compare their own image, with an existing collection of images, in order\
    \ to localise themselves. In addition, this research will involve finding the\
    \ optimal image-matching algorithm for this scenario, as well as the most used\
    \ paths, based on the locations that users were traced, at a certain time period."
- 653c0bfac73e-p1.png
Feenstra:
- Jos 
- Stelios Vitalis 
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- "The aim of this research is to\
    \ explore a new geoprocessing method: geoprocessing in a browser, client-side.\
    \ This would be beneficial for several reasons. For one thing, users would not\
    \ have to install anything besides a web browser. This way, tools can be shared,\
    \ cross-platorm, without having to download or build anything. Secondly, client-side\
    \ geoprocessing can make geoprocessing more interactive and insightful. A 'sandbox\
    \ environment' which can do geodata _retrieval_, _processing_, and _visualization_\
    \ from a web browser would be a great tool for debugging, quickly looking at the\
    \ effects of parameters, and finding out which algorithms work best with which\
    \ dataset.\n\nThis research attempts to solve two barriers preventing successful\
    \ client-side geoprocessing. The first barrier is that the client-side programming\
    \ language `javascript`, together with its library ecosystem, do not offer the\
    \ speed nor the tools to perform fast geoprocessing. To solve this, WebAssembly,\
    \ a type of binary that runs in virtual machines, will be considered. It can be\
    \ used to take an existing C++ geoprocessing library (like _cgal_), and to publish\
    \ it in a way anyone with a browser can run it at near native speed. \n\nThe second\
    \ barrier is that an application using 'just WebAssembly' will not be very useful\
    \ or insightful without a sufficient framework supporting it. This thesis will\
    \ consider a framework in the form of a web-based Visual Programming Language,\
    \ or VPL to facilitate this."
- 27b200889c2d-thumbnail_1.png
Fu:
- Runnan
- "Clara Garc\xEDa-S\xE1nchez" 
- "Ivan Pa\u0111en" 
- 'Trees can be used to
    ameliorate air quality, mitigate heat island effects and improve pedestrianwind
    comfort, although in some locations they may also impede ventilation.Flow  simulations  in  urban  canopies  usually  use  the  porosity  parametrization  approach  tohandle
    trees, where finite volume cells that roughly account for trees are marked as
    porouszones. In these porous zones, the effect of vegetation is defined as a source
    and/or sink termin the momentum equation and turbulence equations. It can be seen
    that this approach modelstrees implicitly, which oversights resolving tree structures.
    However, trees have been shownto always affect the wind flow, in some cases with
    non-negligible impacts.The aim of this research project is to explicitly model
    the features of trees, and analyze theimpact of different tree shapes on the flow
    structure. Also, the performance of traditional dragapproaches will be evaluated
    and potential improvements in implicit tree modelling will beexplored considering
    as a reference the explicit tree models.'
- 2dbc95dec2b2-onepicture_research.png
Haoyang: 
- Dong 
- Hugo Ledoux
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- 'Snap rounding (SR) is an approach
    to robust computing by converting arbitrary-precision segment arrangements into
    fixed-precision representations. A widely used implementation of it is iterated
    snap rounding (ISR). ISR guarantees that no vertices are closer with any non-incident
    edges than a threshold; therefore, it can be used to improve the robustness of
    polygons. However, it may change the topology significantly; for example, it may
    make a polygon with a hole two separate polygons. Furthermore, ISR is computationally
    expensive for big sets of polygons, like planar partitions. Recent studies on
    SR or ISR mostly focus on applications in 3D or reducing the problematic outputs
    of ISR. Few pieces of research are done on improving SR or implementing SR in
    other ways, which is essential for multiple uses. Previous work has demonstrated
    the efficiency and reliability of a constrained-triangulation-based method to
    repair a single polygon (prepair) or planar partitions (pprepair). In this project,
    we aim to build a triangulation-based snapping round method so that both the validity
    and robustness of polygons can be guaranteed.'
- d40eb035c14b-unknown.png
Jin: 
- Yuzhen
- Giorgio Agugiaro 
- "Camilo Le\xF3n-S\xE1nchez"
- 'The 3DGeoinformation
    at TU Delft has recently released the 3D BAG 2.0, a dataset containing LoD2 buildings
    of the whole Netherlands. CitySim is an open-source simulation software to perform
    different energy simulations for buildings/districts (e.g. space heating energy
    demand, solar irradiation, urban heat islands). The 3D City Database (3DCityDB)
    is the reference database for CityGML data (and its Energy ADE extension) where
    input AND output data can be stored. Currently, these three elements are not well
    connected, resulting in relatively complex operations for data retrieval, simulation,
    and storage for energy simulations. The scope of this thesis is to link these
    three elements in order to allow for a seamless flow of information and perform
    energy simulations in CitySim. More specifically, the thesis will focus on (further)
    developing a Python-based bidirectional interface to feed/retrieve data between
    the 3DCityDB and CitySim.'
- 29903cd5a24a-3dcdb_citysim_mini.jpg
Keurentjes: 
- Lisa
- Hugo Ledoux
- "Ivan Pa\u0111en"
- "To tackle our complex world, we\
    \ tend to make cities \u201Csmarter\u201D, by using simulations from various disciplines,\
    \ like for example wind field or flood simulations. These simulations and analysis\
    \ have become essential tools for decision making in urban planning and analytics.\n\
    \ \nHigh data quality 3D city models serve as reliable representation of the real\
    \ world objects, seeing the high-quality information and solid spatial visibility\
    \ they offer. To validate the quality of the date and achieve interoperability,\
    \ the ISO 19100 series standards were created. But there are just too many different\
    \ fields where 3D data can be exploited to conclude all validation rules for every\
    \ field. For example typical extra requirements for wind simulation software include:\
    \ no small features, edges, and gaps between buildings.  Sadly a significant amount\
    \ of 3D city models is not considered valid to the standards above. This hinders\
    \ the further analyzing or processing of these models. Since manual repair of\
    \ 3D City models is very time consuming and prone to errors, automatic repair\
    \ methods are highly desirable. Therefore the objective of this thesis will be\
    \ to develop a software framework as proof-of-concept for automatic repair of\
    \ 3D city models. The software will repair errors that users choose, so that the\
    \ models fulfill basic requirements and requirements for specific use cases. Also\
    \ the Software will be designed in such a way that it could be extended with more\
    \ repair options."
- 9ba90df526de-repair.gif
Kumar: 
- Pratyush
- Dr. Azarakhsh Rafiee
- Dr. Martijn Meijers
-  "An urban digital twin\
    \ is a virtual representation of the real city, with all the real-time datasets\
    \ being analysed and reflected at one single platform. This platform can then\
    \ be used by different professionals involved in the process of urban planning\
    \ to take effective and well-informed decisions for the cities. In addition to\
    \ usage of such platforms for the purpose of visualisation, one could also implement\
    \ or develop the platform to be used as a scenario analysis platform. Recently,\
    \ OGC has developed a 3D Tile standard for streaming and rendering massive 3D\
    \ geospatial data, which would be used for visualisation of the 3D city models\
    \ on the platform. The platform should be able to run user-interactive simulations\
    \ on the city model (like neighbourhood development, or traffic simulations) and\
    \ make the visualizations possible. It would be developed in a gaming engine,\
    \ e.g. Unreal Engine, which allows to make immersive experience for the end-user\
    \ (by using VR or AR). Would be useful for public participation or decision making.\n\
    The research will hence focus on the creation of the OGC 3D tiling technique based\
    \ scenario analysis platform for digital twins with the following objectives:\n\
    1.\tTo run urban simulations on the developed platform\n2.\tTo test the performance\
    \ of the developed platform with different LoD buildings\n3.\tTo enable user interaction\
    \ in the platform for neighbourhood development\n4.\tTo enable the visualisations\
    \ to occur in Virtual Reality or Augmented Reality"
- 488937c960fe-thumbnail.png
Langhorst: 
- Lars Marinus
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- Hugo Ledoux
- "The Panama Canal is a key\
    \ component in the world shipping industry and is near impossible to replace due\
    \ to its geographic location. Sediment discharge enters the canal's reservoirs\
    \ by means of several rivers. This sediment then settles and consequently raises\
    \ the bed level and decreases the total storage capacity. This process, called\
    \ sedimentation, limits the lifespan of all reservoirs and is a large threat to\
    \ the future of the canal. \nBroad approximations of the accumulated sediment\
    \ in the Alhajuela reservoir up until now have been made, but more insight is\
    \ required since the amount of time until the canal will no longer have sufficient\
    \ water to operate is still unknown. With a more accurate prediction of the amount\
    \ and location of future sedimentation, a timeframe for finding an alternative\
    \ water source can be established and dredging operations can be better engineered\
    \ which will then temporarily slow the decrease in reservoir storage capacity.\
    \ \nThe objective of this research project is to provide insight into this problem\
    \ by first obtaining a set of geo-morphometric and hydrological features from\
    \ historical elevation data and basic hydrological information. These features,\
    \ e.g. annual average change in bed elevation, distance from the river mouth,\
    \ and annual river discharge are then used to predict local bed level changes\
    \ in the Alhajuela Reservoir as a result of sedimentation, using a machine learning\
    \ algorithm."
- d01a3552c5ab-Alhajuela.png
Liu: 
- Zhenyu
- Peter van Oosterom
- "\u202AJes\xFAs Balado Fr\xEDas"
- "Mobile Laser\
    \ Scanning (MLS) provides a revolutionary and efficient way to capture 3D spatial\
    \ data with high accuracy and rich detail in the real world. Its unique advantages\
    \ make it well fit the demand for point clouds data in many urban scenes. So in\
    \ recent years, MLS has been widely used in many urban applications such as urban\
    \ environment monitoring, digital 3D urban modeling, and high-definition maps\
    \ for self-driving vehicles. Most of the above applications usually focus only\
    \ on static environment objects, like the ground surface, buildings, trees, etc.\
    \ However, MLS data often inevitably includes many dynamic objects, such as moving\
    \ vehicles, which may seriously interfere with these mentioned point cloud applications.\n\
    Due to this issue, this thesis project aims at solving two research tasks: The\
    \ first task is designing a method to detect dynamic objects in the MLS dataset.\
    \ This phase focuses on the correctness of detection, including avoiding marking\
    \ static objects as dynamic objects and missing any dynamic objects in the results.\
    \ Then the second task is the removal of these avoiding detected dynamic objects\
    \ from the original MLS dataset. The key at this stage is to remove the dynamic\
    \ object intact, otherwise, it will leave many outliers in the result, and to\
    \ avoid removing parts of the static environment. \nThe research will be conducted\
    \ in collaboration with CycloMedia Technology."
- 2931e385bdce-dynamic_objs.gif
Mainelli:
- Xenia Una
- "Robert Vo\xFBte"
- Martijn Meijers
- 'With the continual development
    of intricate navigation tools for the everyday user (such as the ubiquitous Google
    Maps), there has been a relatively recent surge in interest for finding ways to
    unify indoor and outdoor spaces within these applications, and also for making
    the transitions between these different spaces, smoother. The difficulty often
    lies in the information on these two types of spaces being sourced and stored
    differently. And the existence of semi-indoor (top-bounded) and semi-outdoor (side-bounded)
    spaces, only serves to further complicate the matter.


    While there is valuable research on unifying these spaces and integrating different
    data types, there seems to be little focus on the users themselves. Even if seamless
    navigation is attained, it means little if the user does not understand the types
    of environment that the application is trying to convey, or cannot see what form
    of accessibility the space has. For example, a user being told that there is a
    door leading to an indoor space is of little use if that user is restricted by
    the width of a wheelchair or a pushchair, or if that door is for private use only.
    This thesis will be exploring how the transitions between (semi-) indoor-outdoor
    spaces can be intuitively visualised for clear communication to the user, with
    prototype visualisations undergoing user testing and evaluation.'
- 47515d120420-Screenshot_2021_11_12_at_13.01.07.png
Pantelios: 
- Konstantinos
- "Camilo Le\xF3n-S\xE1nchez"
- Giorgio Agugiaro
- "This thesis\
    \ is going to develop a QGIS plugin to facilitate connection to and interaction\
    \ with the CityGML 3D City Database. QGIS is going to be used as a  front-end\
    \ user-friendly environment, while the complex relational database queries are\
    \ being handled by the back-end at database server level.\n\nCurrently, the 3DCityDB\
    \ database schema is composed of a circa 60 tables that are used to map the CityGML\
    \ data model. For a \u201Cnormal\u201D user, these interconnected tables are hard\
    \ to handle even for simple operations like performing queries over multiple tables\
    \ or setting the color of a feature.\nThe envisioned plugin will enable city data\
    \ practitioners (users/organisations) with limited experience with RDBMS or with\
    \ the CityGML model to access, explore and use the data in a simpler way.\nGiven\
    \ the relevance of CityGML as an international standard for urban data (and applications\
    \ based on it) improving its accessibility will be very beneficial for the users\u2019\
    \ community.\n\nThis thesis will develop a prototype QGIS plugin which will focus\
    \ mainly on the Building features, but that will be open to further extension\
    \ for the remaining CityGML modules (bridges, waterbodies, etc.). More specifically,\
    \ it will be based on  CityGML v. 2.0, the 3DCityDB for PostgreSQL/PostGIS and\
    \ QGIS LTR 3.22.\nThe intended functionalities are to allow the user to connect,\
    \ load, edit features attributes, and update the database using the QGIS plugin."
- 3b21a8220d8-3DCityDB400x200.png
Papakostas: 
- Theodoros
- "Robert L. Vo\xFBte"
- Martijn Meijers
- 'Nowadays, the military
    parties across the world are focusing on the modernization of the military scene
    modelling. Concerning this, apart from the standalone military interest actions,
    the military also engages in situations where close partnership with the civil
    party is required, such as first response activities, disaster management and
    interoperability provision in cross-border crises. Depending on the need of the
    situation, a high level of collaboration is needed, to exploit the different resources
    and model a military scene. In many cases, the military resources can be outdated
    and not conform to modern datasets that the public/private sector can provide.
    The military needs to find a way to utilize multiple types of datasets (point,
    vector, raster) provided by civil parties, to achieve the integrated modelling
    of a military scene. An approach of a Discrete Global Grid (DGG) system could
    be applied for this purpose, also assisting on setting a model for geospatial
    analysis. The arising question is, to what extent a Discrete Global Grid System
    can assist on modelling a military scene in one integrated way? This thesis will
    attempt to apply a DGG system and integrate different datasets (point, vector,
    raster) to model a military scene in under-, on- and above ground. The research
    will attempt to gauge the potential of this system with emphasis on improving
    collaboration between military and civil parties in terms of interoperability
    and efficiency.'
- bd695b09089c-img.jpg
Pavlidou: 
- Androniki
- Giorgio Agugiaro
- Jantien Stoter
- "In the last decades, 3D GIS\
    \ has been extensively being explored for vast urban-related applications. Specifically,\
    \ the needs of the modern smart cities, for analysis and simulation of their urban\
    \ environment, make the existence of precise and comprehensive knowledge about\
    \ their 3D space necessary. However, this information is limited, mainly, to above-ground\
    \ applications while the existing underground assets lack detailed information\
    \ and mapping. Additionally, generally underground information available is provided\
    \ only in 2D and, usually, that data are incomplete or imprecise, as - for example\
    \ - there is no direct connection between above- and below-ground infrastructures.\
    \ Taking into account the immediate dependencies of the above-ground applications\
    \ with the underground utility networks it is crucial to have a more accurate\
    \ and integrated representation of supply networks. Having this goal as a starting\
    \ point, the main research questions addressed by this thesis will be:\n\"How\
    \ is it possible to model utility networks in 3D, integrated with the above-ground\
    \ objects, such that they can be suitable for multiple uses?\", \n\"How to represent\
    \ a direct connection with the above-ground condition?\u201D.  \nThe thesis will\
    \ focus on creating a 3D geo-referenced map of a subset of existing utility networks\
    \ (e.g. sewage) in an area of the TU campus, observing their current condition,\
    \ and proposing a strategy to harmonize and integrate the existing information."
- 31790115f0d6-Thesis_image.jpg
Prihanggo: 
- Maundri
- Frederika Welle Donker
- Bastiaan Van Loenen
- 'Having less than
    2% of large-scale maps (1:5.000) availability for the whole area, the National
    Mapping Agency of Indonesia is looking for solution to accelerate the production.
    One of the challenges in completing the production is in terms of funding. Currently,
    the production of the data is dependent to the state-budget with amount of 12
    to 15 million US dollar per year been allocated, this budget constraint is not
    sufficient to fulfill the ambition to accomplish the data production. Several
    foreign aid, such as grant or loans, already been implemented but this type of
    funding is mostly attached to other big-scale project and have small amount of
    budget. Another initiative is Public-Private Partnership (PPP), but PPP is a well-known
    funding type for civil infrastructure and very few use it in funding spatial data
    production. One example of PPP is in Norway with the Norge Digitalt (ND) project.
    While in South Korea, the co-funding model between central and local government
    is implemented to produce large-scale map. Nevertheless, each of the funding model
    have consequences and may lead to less accessible data by the citizen in terms
    of return on investment of production cost. This contradicts to open government
    initiatives, where the data produce by the government, including spatial data,
    should be freely accessible to the citizen. Therefore, this research aims to assess
    the most suitable funding model in producing large-scale maps data towards open
    SDI in Indonesia.'
- 6878bbb80c2f-P1Submission_MaundriP.png
Prusti: 
- Maarit
- Jantien Stoter
- Hendrik van der Ploeg
- 'In the Netherlands several
    registrations are used for different purposes. The Dutch government strives for
    one object registration that combines all these registrations. In order to complete
    the registration different features of other registrations and processes, like
    the building permit process, are included. Lately, the integration between BIM
    and GIS data has come up in the building permit process in order to have a more
    automated process. Both BIM and GIS are capable in modelling cities and buildings,
    however, the translation from one to the other is not as straightforward as one
    might expect. GeoBIM translations are therefore mostly done for a particular purposes.
    With this project, a GeoBIM translation will be performed in order to extract
    the most important features that must be included in the object registration.'
- 4626c7f7abfe-bim3.png
TRIANTAFYLLOU: 
- GEORGIOS
- Ir. Edward Verbree
- Dr. Akkelies van Nes
- "While most concepts\
    \ related to localisation and navigation of outdoors environments are already\
    \ pretty well derived from various researches, mechanisms and softwares / Applications,\
    \ the indoor environment remains a significantly unexplored area. Although there\
    \ are already some methods available for the indoor localisation, this MSc-thesis\
    \ main objective will be to explore a new one and provide an initial investigation\
    \ on how the Isovist, visibility graphs and Space syntax concepts can work together\
    \ to deliver a new method and solution for localisation and possibly route planning/navigation\
    \ on indoor environments. The questions that need to be answered are \u201CTo\
    \ what extent can isovist support Indoor Localisation\u201D, \u201CHow to create\
    \ an Isovist fingerprinting to a radio map\u201D and \u201CIs it possible to make\
    \ it usable as a user app\u201D.\nThe \u201Ctools\u201D which will be used in\
    \ order to answer the forementioned research questions will be some existing Isovist\
    \ Software like \u201Cwww.isovists.org\u201D or some other software for space\
    \ syntax calculations and the necessary programming languages (e.g. Python, JavaScript)\
    \ in order to check if the integration between the available software and data\
    \ is possible. The creation or use of a Sight map will be also necessary as well\
    \ some experiments on a test area (Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment\
    \ of TU Delft). Finally, the goal is to eventually reach a strong research conclusion\
    \ or even better a demo/initial app for the user\u2019s localisation."
- 0d09a7891bf6-Isovists_as_new_way_of_localisation.png
Tufan: 
- "\xD6zge"
- "Camilo Le\xF3n-S\xE1nchez"
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- 'Global efforts
    to decrease CO2 emissions and the increasing energy prices have led to a boost
    in the popularity of energy applications such as the estimation of heating demand
    and solar irradiation of buildings. 3D City Models have been increasingly used
    for these types of analyses, and this resulted in a need of data models to store
    energy-related data. CityGML Energy ADE is one of these data models that allows
    the storage of energy-related data of buildings, which can then be used in simulation
    tools in both input and output sides. While this data model is already highly
    used with an XML-based encoding, an equivalent extension is not yet provided for
    CityJSON. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the development and testing of an
    Energy Extension for CityJSON so that energy-related data can be stored. The first
    part of the thesis will consist of determining design principles since a direct
    mapping from Energy ADE to a CityJSON Extension may not be possible. Similarities
    and differences between an XML-based and JSON-based format will be considered,
    and any missing information in the Energy ADE will be investigated to be included
    in the CityJSON Extension. Moreover, certain tests will be carried out throughout
    the design process to validate the extension implementation. These tests will
    include geometrical calculations to retrieve semantic information of buildings
    which will then be stored in the CityJSON + Energy Extension file.'
- 60a823786580-P1_image_final.jpg
Van der Vaart: 
- Jasper Adriaan Joop
- Ken Arroyo Ohori
- Nadine Hobeika
- "This research\
    \ project will focus on the support of the design, building permit and value assessment\
    \ process for yet to be realized buildings via the development of a software tool\
    \ that automatically detects floors, rooms and apartments from IFC models. The\
    \ major goal of this tool will be helping the user to get details about these\
    \ three building elements in a simple, quick and reliable manner so that it can\
    \ be used for not only the final assessment, but also as a quick intermediate\
    \ evaluation that can be executed during the design process. Thus, it will not\
    \ only become an assessment tool, but also a possible design tool. \nThe focus\
    \ will lie on the development of this tool to allow it to function on models that\
    \ are not optimally made. In practice used IFC models are often non-standard,\
    \ faulty or both. This could be due to (but is not limited by) the different practices\
    \ by users/firms, the different used software packages to create the models (AutoDesk\
    \ Revit, Graphisoft Archicad or IFCBlender), the fairly complex IFC standard and\
    \ normal user errors. To decrease the influence of these errors the tool will\
    \ rely minimally on the (by the user) set data fields of the present geometric\
    \ objects. Instead, it will parse the IFC model and try to generate and determine\
    \ the needed data for each of the found geometric objects itself."
- 699885fe446c-logo_small_2_copy.jpg
"Vesel\xFD":
- Ondrej
- Giorgio Agugiaro
- Roberto Cavallo
- "Recent progress in computational\
    \ design of architecture have brought about a multitude of so-called \u2018test-fit\u2019\
    \ digital toolkits focused on quickly generating residential, office or other\
    \ building layouts based on a collection of user-defined parameters. However,\
    \ the designs generated often follow a single general pattern defined by the specifics\
    \ of the generative algorithm used within the tool and don\u2019t take existing\
    \ site context into consideration.\n\nThis thesis aims to investigate whether\
    \ we can build a machine learning based model for generating new building massing\
    \ designs informed by previous design solutions present within the current building\
    \ stock of the Netherlands. By defining the geometrical and semantic properties\
    \ of the desired building design and the site context it is within, we could synthesize\
    \ new design options based on similar buildings and sites already stored within\
    \ existing 3D city models."
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Wang: 
- Linjun
- Liangliang Nan
- Nail Ibrahimli
- "Many real-world applications require\
    \ semantic-rich 3D models of urban buildings. For example, structure-aware generative\
    \ model of 3D urban geometry and texture are becoming increasingly useful in graphics\
    \ and virtual world. Labeled parts of buildings can also facilitate a variety\
    \ of analyses of buildings. However, it\u2019s challenging to obtain correct part\
    \ labels for widely available 3D models of buildings in the form of dense triangle\
    \ meshes. The annotation work is time-consuming and costly, and inexperienced\
    \ human workers can easily mislabel specific parts, such as domes or buttresses.\
    \ This thesis aims to transfer building part labels from existing CAD models of\
    \ buildings (i.e., BuildingNet) to the SUM dataset based on the theory of domain\
    \ adaptation. Our goal is to generate a part-level building segmentation dataset.\
    \ The labeled 3D building models in BuildingNet will be used as the source domain\
    \ and building models in the SUM will be the target domain. The source and target\
    \ domains all have the same feature space but different representations of geometry.\
    \ This thesis project will learn a generalized classifier in the presence of a\
    \ shift between source and target domain distributions and propose a new method\
    \ for transferring labels for 3D building models with different representations."
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Wu: 
- Ziyan
- Hugo Ledoux
- Maarten Pronk
- "Building height plays an important role in\
    \ studying urban morphology and in applications related to the built environment.\
    \ Several remote sensing data, such as photogrammetry, high-resolution images,\
    \ airborne LiDAR data were utilized to estimate the building height. The Ice,\
    \ Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), was launched in 2018, employ\
    \ photon-counting LiDAR to collect Earth\u2019s surface elevation data globally.\
    \ Though it was designed to continuously monitor changes in polar glaciers, ice\
    \ sheets, and sea ice, the photon counting concept has been used in the applications\
    \ areas like forestry and built environment. However, the beam pairs of ICESat-2\
    \ are separated several kilometers in the cross-track direction, so it\u2019s\
    \ no complete coverage.\nThe goal of this thesis project is to retrieve building\
    \ heights from ICESat-2 and evaluate the accuracy with the data from 3D BAG. And\
    \ due to the tracks are far away with each other, the first thing needs to do\
    \ is to assess how many buildings in NL are covered. For those are uncovered,\
    \ the Machine Learning method combined with features from footprints will be used\
    \ based on previous work. These features can be classified as building geometries,\
    \ neighborhood, city types, etc. This thesis will first focus on a small area,\
    \ then extends to the whole Netherlands. Challenges lie in how to extend this\
    \ method to the entire Netherlands, the building heights data gained from ICESat-2\
    \ is insufficient compared with the prior research."
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de Jong: 
- Michiel
- "Robert Vo\xFBte"
- Peter van Oosterom
- 'Voxelised spaces have been
    used extensively for the past years to pre-process, perform

    segmentation, classification, and reconstruction of both indoor and outdoor 3D
    models of the

    built environment. In my thesis, I would further like to explore the possibility
    of using a

    semantically enriched voxelised space as a basis for evacuation management.

    The starting point for this research will be a voxelised space of a building that
    has been enriched with semantics and, more importantly, it''s known which parts
    of the building are navigable buildings and which aren''t. This voxelised space
    will most likely have to be manually edited to be able to accept input from equipment
    used in building safety management and fire suppression systems, such as smoke
    sensors and manual call points, and be able to generate output such as routes
    and signage. This leaves me with a framework in which to develop an algorithm
    that will find the best evacuation routes for all users of that building in a
    dynamic emergency situation.


    This means diving into routing/pathfinding algorithms, and applying this to the
    voxelised space. Apart from pathfinding, and the added complexity of the dynamic
    setting, I would focus on how this information is to be visualised for the users/managers
    of the building. Multiple things are possible, such as dynamic signage, using
    audio, custom evacuation plans.'
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van Schendel: 
- Maximiliaan Felix
- Edward Verbree 
- Pirouz Nourian
- 'Enabling collaborative
    mapping could massively reduce mapping time and improve map quality. An essential
    component of collaborative mapping is map merging, where individual local maps
    are merged into a global map. When there are large differences in quality between
    local maps traditional map merging approaches might not be possible due to deformations
    or a lack of data. In this research we will research how using derived topometric
    maps can be used to enable non-rigid map merging that can resolve inconsistencies
    between local maps.'
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van der Horst: 
- Noortje
- Liangliang Nan
- Jantien Stoter
- 'An accurate, virtual, data-driven
    model of plant growth would enable the study and analysis of plant traits and
    behaviour in a customizable, widely applicable and non-destructive manner. However,
    estimating real-life tree growth is a difficult process due to the large number
    of factors influencing the growth process, the inherent complexity of plant growth
    and architecture, and the frequent need for prior botanical knowledge and/or accurate
    multi-temporal field data. This thesis will balance accuracy, processing speed,
    and botanical, spatial and environmental soundness to generate tree models as
    realistic as possible using synthetic multi-temporal LiDAR data of same-species
    trees. Tree growth time series will be synthesized using same-species data of
    trees at different growth stages, of which an average model will be generated
    with joint geometric and structural blending in a 3D tree shape-space per growth
    cycle. Inverse procedural modelling will be used to infer tree growth at branch
    level, taking into account detailed biological knowledge. The tree growth models
    will be validated using LiDAR time-series data and a validation algorithm measuring
    geometric, structural, and topological distance. The validated growth model will
    then be used to predict future plant growth in urban scenarios as well as interpolate
    past growth stages for which no ground-truth data exists.'
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